"The earliest in situ profile measurements in World Ocean Database 2023 are of temperature at the sea surface (SST) and at about 183 m depth collected on December 15, 1772 (~ 55°S, 22°E) by crew of the paddle boat launched from the Great Britain HMS Resolution, commanded by Captain James Cook. While SST was probably obtained using a water bucket and hand-held thermometers, subsurface temperature measurements were likely collected using a Stephen Hales water sampling bottle with an enclosed...

In 2014, stony coral tissue loss disease (SCTLD) was first observed in the vicinity of Miami, Florida. This fast-moving, devastating disease swept through Florida's Coral Reef like wildfire. By 2022, SCTLD had become resident along the entire 360-mile length of the largest coral reef ecosystem in the continental United States, decimating already struggling coral populations and expanding its impact across the Caribbean. It is often hard to find optimism within such a grim scenario, but as...

Building Coral Conservation CAP -acity When the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) partnered with the State of Florida in 2018 to rescue thousands of corals from Florida’s Coral Reef ahead of the spread of stony coral tissue loss disease, we knew it wouldn’t be a quick effort. It would be a marathon. And early on, one thing became clear: the biggest challenge wouldn’t just be saving corals—it would be building the human expertise needed to care for them. Corals are unlike almost any...